guile/doc/ref/api-evaluation.texi

@c -*-texinfo-*-
@c This is part of the GNU Guile Reference Manual.
@c Copyright (C)  1996, 1997, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012
@c   Free Software Foundation, Inc.
@c See the file guile.texi for copying conditions.

@node Read/Load/Eval/Compile
@section Reading and Evaluating Scheme Code

This chapter describes Guile functions that are concerned with reading,
loading, evaluating, and compiling Scheme code at run time.

@menu
* Scheme Syntax::               Standard and extended Scheme syntax.
* Scheme Read::                 Reading Scheme code.
* Scheme Write::                Writing Scheme values to a port.
* Fly Evaluation::              Procedures for on the fly evaluation.
* Compilation::                 How to compile Scheme files and procedures.
* Loading::                     Loading Scheme code from file.
* Load Paths::                  Where Guile looks for code.
* Character Encoding of Source Files:: Loading non-ASCII Scheme code from file.
* Delayed Evaluation::          Postponing evaluation until it is needed.
* Local Evaluation::            Evaluation in a local lexical environment.
* Local Inclusion::             Compile-time inclusion of one file in another.
@end menu


@node Scheme Syntax
@subsection Scheme Syntax: Standard and Guile Extensions

@menu
* Expression Syntax::
* Comments::
* Block Comments::
* Case Sensitivity::
* Keyword Syntax::
* Reader Extensions::
@end menu


@node Expression Syntax
@subsubsection Expression Syntax

An expression to be evaluated takes one of the following forms.

@table @nicode

@item @var{symbol}
A symbol is evaluated by dereferencing.  A binding of that symbol is
sought and the value there used.  For example,

@example
(define x 123)
x @result{} 123
@end example

@item (@var{proc} @var{args}@dots{})
A parenthesised expression is a function call.  @var{proc} and each
argument are evaluated, then the function (which @var{proc} evaluated
to) is called with those arguments.

The order in which @var{proc} and the arguments are evaluated is
unspecified, so be careful when using expressions with side effects.

@example
(max 1 2 3) @result{} 3

(define (get-some-proc)  min)
((get-some-proc) 1 2 3) @result{} 1
@end example

The same sort of parenthesised form is used for a macro invocation,
but in that case the arguments are not evaluated.  See the
descriptions of macros for more on this (@pxref{Macros}, and
@pxref{Syntax Rules}).

@item @var{constant}
Number, string, character and boolean constants evaluate ``to
themselves'', so can appear as literals.

@example
123     @result{} 123
99.9    @result{} 99.9
"hello" @result{} "hello"
#\z     @result{} #\z
#t      @result{} #t
@end example

Note that an application must not attempt to modify literal strings,
since they may be in read-only memory.

@item (quote @var{data})
@itemx '@var{data}
@findex quote
@findex '
Quoting is used to obtain a literal symbol (instead of a variable
reference), a literal list (instead of a function call), or a literal
vector.  @nicode{'} is simply a shorthand for a @code{quote} form.
For example,

@example
'x                   @result{} x
'(1 2 3)             @result{} (1 2 3)
'#(1 (2 3) 4)        @result{} #(1 (2 3) 4)
(quote x)            @result{} x
(quote (1 2 3))      @result{} (1 2 3)
(quote #(1 (2 3) 4)) @result{} #(1 (2 3) 4)
@end example

Note that an application must not attempt to modify literal lists or
vectors obtained from a @code{quote} form, since they may be in
read-only memory.

@item (quasiquote @var{data})
@itemx `@var{data}
@findex quasiquote
@findex `
Backquote quasi-quotation is like @code{quote}, but selected
sub-expressions are evaluated.  This is a convenient way to construct
a list or vector structure most of which is constant, but at certain
points should have expressions substituted.

The same effect can always be had with suitable @code{list},
@code{cons} or @code{vector} calls, but quasi-quoting is often easier.

@table @nicode

@item (unquote @var{expr})
@itemx ,@var{expr}
@findex unquote
@findex ,
Within the quasiquote @var{data}, @code{unquote} or @code{,} indicates
an expression to be evaluated and inserted.  The comma syntax @code{,}
is simply a shorthand for an @code{unquote} form.  For example,

@example
`(1 2 ,(* 9 9) 3 4)      @result{} (1 2 81 3 4)
`(1 (unquote (+ 1 1)) 3) @result{} (1 2 3)
`#(1 ,(/ 12 2))          @result{} #(1 6)
@end example

@item (unquote-splicing @var{expr})
@itemx ,@@@var{expr}
@findex unquote-splicing
@findex ,@@
Within the quasiquote @var{data}, @code{unquote-splicing} or
@code{,@@} indicates an expression to be evaluated and the elements of
the returned list inserted.  @var{expr} must evaluate to a list.  The
``comma-at'' syntax @code{,@@} is simply a shorthand for an
@code{unquote-splicing} form.

@example
(define x '(2 3))
`(1 ,@@x 4)                         @result{} (1 2 3 4)
`(1 (unquote-splicing (map 1+ x))) @result{} (1 3 4)
`#(9 ,@@x 9)                        @result{} #(9 2 3 9)
@end example

Notice @code{,@@} differs from plain @code{,} in the way one level of
nesting is stripped.  For @code{,@@} the elements of a returned list
are inserted, whereas with @code{,} it would be the list itself
inserted.
@end table

@c
@c  FIXME: What can we say about the mutability of a quasiquote
@c  result?  R5RS doesn't seem to specify anything, though where it
@c  says backquote without commas is the same as plain quote then
@c  presumably the "fixed" portions of a quasiquote expression must be
@c  treated as immutable.
@c

@end table


@node Comments
@subsubsection Comments

@c FIXME::martin: Review me!

Comments in Scheme source files are written by starting them with a
semicolon character (@code{;}).  The comment then reaches up to the end
of the line.  Comments can begin at any column, and the may be inserted
on the same line as Scheme code.

@lisp
; Comment
;; Comment too
(define x 1)        ; Comment after expression
(let ((y 1))
  ;; Display something.
  (display y)
;;; Comment at left margin.
  (display (+ y 1)))
@end lisp

It is common to use a single semicolon for comments following
expressions on a line, to use two semicolons for comments which are
indented like code, and three semicolons for comments which start at
column 0, even if they are inside an indented code block.  This
convention is used when indenting code in Emacs' Scheme mode.


@node Block Comments
@subsubsection Block Comments
@cindex multiline comments
@cindex block comments
@cindex #!
@cindex !#

@c FIXME::martin: Review me!

In addition to the standard line comments defined by R5RS, Guile has
another comment type for multiline comments, called @dfn{block
comments}.  This type of comment begins with the character sequence
@code{#!} and ends with the characters @code{!#}, which must appear on a
line of their own.  These comments are compatible with the block
comments in the Scheme Shell @file{scsh} (@pxref{The Scheme shell
(scsh)}).  The characters @code{#!} were chosen because they are the
magic characters used in shell scripts for indicating that the name of
the program for executing the script follows on the same line.

Thus a Guile script often starts like this.

@lisp
#! /usr/local/bin/guile -s
!#
@end lisp

More details on Guile scripting can be found in the scripting section
(@pxref{Guile Scripting}).

@cindex R6RS block comments
@cindex SRFI-30 block comments
Similarly, Guile (starting from version 2.0) supports nested block
comments as specified by R6RS and
@url{http://srfi.schemers.org/srfi-30/srfi-30.html, SRFI-30}:

@lisp
(+  #| this is a #| nested |# block comment |# 2)
@result{} 3
@end lisp

For backward compatibility, this syntax can be overridden with
@code{read-hash-extend} (@pxref{Reader Extensions,
@code{read-hash-extend}}).

There is one special case where the contents of a comment can actually
affect the interpretation of code.  When a character encoding
declaration, such as @code{coding: utf-8} appears in one of the first
few lines of a source file, it indicates to Guile's default reader
that this source code file is not ASCII.  For details see @ref{Character
Encoding of Source Files}.

@node Case Sensitivity
@subsubsection Case Sensitivity

@c FIXME::martin: Review me!

Scheme as defined in R5RS is not case sensitive when reading symbols.
Guile, on the contrary is case sensitive by default, so the identifiers

@lisp
guile-whuzzy
Guile-Whuzzy
@end lisp

are the same in R5RS Scheme, but are different in Guile.

It is possible to turn off case sensitivity in Guile by setting the
reader option @code{case-insensitive}.  For more information on reader
options, @xref{Scheme Read}.

@lisp
(read-enable 'case-insensitive)
@end lisp

Note that this is seldom a problem, because Scheme programmers tend not
to use uppercase letters in their identifiers anyway.


@node Keyword Syntax
@subsubsection Keyword Syntax


@node Reader Extensions
@subsubsection Reader Extensions

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} read-hash-extend chr proc
@deffnx {C Function} scm_read_hash_extend (chr, proc)
Install the procedure @var{proc} for reading expressions
starting with the character sequence @code{#} and @var{chr}.
@var{proc} will be called with two arguments:  the character
@var{chr} and the port to read further data from. The object
returned will be the return value of @code{read}. 
Passing @code{#f} for @var{proc} will remove a previous setting. 

@end deffn


@node Scheme Read
@subsection Reading Scheme Code

@rnindex read
@deffn {Scheme Procedure} read [port]
@deffnx {C Function} scm_read (port)
Read an s-expression from the input port @var{port}, or from
the current input port if @var{port} is not specified.
Any whitespace before the next token is discarded.
@end deffn

The behaviour of Guile's Scheme reader can be modified by manipulating
its read options.

@cindex options - read
@cindex read options
@deffn {Scheme Procedure} read-options [setting]
Display the current settings of the read options.  If @var{setting} is
omitted, only a short form of the current read options is printed.
Otherwise if @var{setting} is the symbol @code{help}, a complete options
description is displayed.
@end deffn

The set of available options, and their default values, may be had by
invoking @code{read-options} at the prompt.

@smalllisp
scheme@@(guile-user)> (read-options)
(square-brackets keywords #f positions)
scheme@@(guile-user)> (read-options 'help)
copy              no    Copy source code expressions.
positions         yes   Record positions of source code expressions.
case-insensitive  no    Convert symbols to lower case.
keywords          #f    Style of keyword recognition: #f, 'prefix or 'postfix.
r6rs-hex-escapes  no    Use R6RS variable-length character and string hex escapes.
square-brackets   yes   Treat `[' and `]' as parentheses, for R6RS compatibility.
hungry-eol-escapes no   In strings, consume leading whitespace after an
                        escaped end-of-line.
@end smalllisp

The boolean options may be toggled with @code{read-enable} and
@code{read-disable}. The non-boolean @code{keywords} option must be set
using @code{read-set!}.

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} read-enable option-name
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} read-disable option-name
@deffnx {Scheme Syntax} read-set! option-name value
Modify the read options.  @code{read-enable} should be used with boolean
options and switches them on, @code{read-disable} switches them off.

@code{read-set!} can be used to set an option to a specific value.  Due
to historical oddities, it is a macro that expects an unquoted option
name.
@end deffn

For example, to make @code{read} fold all symbols to their lower case
(perhaps for compatibility with older Scheme code), you can enter:

@lisp
(read-enable 'case-insensitive)
@end lisp

For more information on the effect of the @code{r6rs-hex-escapes} and
@code{hungry-eol-escapes} options, see (@pxref{String Syntax}).


@node Scheme Write
@subsection Writing Scheme Values

Any scheme value may be written to a port. Not all values may be read
back in (@pxref{Scheme Read}), however.

@rnindex write
@rnindex print
@deffn {Scheme Procedure} write obj [port]
Send a representation of @var{obj} to @var{port} or to the current
output port if not given.

The output is designed to be machine readable, and can be read back
with @code{read} (@pxref{Scheme Read}).  Strings are printed in
double quotes, with escapes if necessary, and characters are printed in
@samp{#\} notation.
@end deffn

@rnindex display
@deffn {Scheme Procedure} display obj [port]
Send a representation of @var{obj} to @var{port} or to the current
output port if not given.

The output is designed for human readability, it differs from
@code{write} in that strings are printed without double quotes and
escapes, and characters are printed as per @code{write-char}, not in
@samp{#\} form.
@end deffn

As was the case with the Scheme reader, there are a few options that
affect the behavior of the Scheme printer.

@cindex options - print
@cindex print options
@deffn {Scheme Procedure} print-options [setting]
Display the current settings of the read options.  If @var{setting} is
omitted, only a short form of the current read options is
printed. Otherwise if @var{setting} is the symbol @code{help}, a
complete options description is displayed.
@end deffn

The set of available options, and their default values, may be had by
invoking @code{print-options} at the prompt.

@smalllisp
scheme@@(guile-user)> (print-options)
(quote-keywordish-symbols reader highlight-suffix "@}" highlight-prefix "@{")
scheme@@(guile-user)> (print-options 'help)
highlight-prefix          @{       The string to print before highlighted values.
highlight-suffix          @}       The string to print after highlighted values.
quote-keywordish-symbols  reader  How to print symbols that have a colon
                                  as their first or last character. The
                                  value '#f' does not quote the colons;
                                  '#t' quotes them; 'reader' quotes them
                                  when the reader option 'keywords' is
                                  not '#f'.
escape-newlines           yes     Render newlines as \n when printing
                                  using `write'. 
@end smalllisp

These options may be modified with the print-set! syntax.

@deffn {Scheme Syntax} print-set! option-name value
Modify the print options.  Due to historical oddities, @code{print-set!}
is a macro that expects an unquoted option name.
@end deffn


@node Fly Evaluation
@subsection Procedures for On the Fly Evaluation

Scheme has the lovely property that its expressions may be represented
as data.  The @code{eval} procedure takes a Scheme datum and evaluates
it as code.

@rnindex eval
@c ARGFIXME environment/environment specifier
@deffn {Scheme Procedure} eval exp module_or_state
@deffnx {C Function} scm_eval (exp, module_or_state)
Evaluate @var{exp}, a list representing a Scheme expression,
in the top-level environment specified by @var{module_or_state}.
While @var{exp} is evaluated (using @code{primitive-eval}),
@var{module_or_state} is made the current module.  The current module
is reset to its previous value when @code{eval} returns.
XXX - dynamic states.
Example: (eval '(+ 1 2) (interaction-environment))
@end deffn

@rnindex interaction-environment
@deffn {Scheme Procedure} interaction-environment
@deffnx {C Function} scm_interaction_environment ()
Return a specifier for the environment that contains
implementation--defined bindings, typically a superset of those
listed in the report.  The intent is that this procedure will
return the environment in which the implementation would
evaluate expressions dynamically typed by the user.
@end deffn

@xref{Environments}, for other environments.

One does not always receive code as Scheme data, of course, and this is
especially the case for Guile's other language implementations
(@pxref{Other Languages}).  For the case in which all you have is a
string, we have @code{eval-string}.  There is a legacy version of this
procedure in the default environment, but you really want the one from
@code{(ice-9 eval-string)}, so load it up:

@example
(use-modules (ice-9 eval-string))
@end example

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} eval-string string [module=#f] [file=#f] [line=#f] [column=#f] [lang=(current-language)] [compile?=#f]
Parse @var{string} according to the current language, normally Scheme.
Evaluate or compile the expressions it contains, in order, returning the
last expression.

If the @var{module} keyword argument is set, save a module excursion
(@pxref{Module System Reflection}) and set the current module to
@var{module} before evaluation.

The @var{file}, @var{line}, and @var{column} keyword arguments can be
used to indicate that the source string begins at a particular source
location.

Finally, @var{lang} is a language, defaulting to the current language,
and the expression is compiled if @var{compile?} is true or there is no
evaluator for the given language.
@end deffn

@deffn {C Function} scm_eval_string (string)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_eval_string_in_module (string, module)
These C bindings call @code{eval-string} from @code{(ice-9
eval-string)}, evaluating within @var{module} or the current module.
@end deffn

@deftypefn {C Function} SCM scm_c_eval_string (const char *string)
@code{scm_eval_string}, but taking a C string in locale encoding instead
of an @code{SCM}.
@end deftypefn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} apply proc arg @dots{} arglst
@deffnx {C Function} scm_apply_0 (proc, arglst)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_apply_1 (proc, arg1, arglst)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_apply_2 (proc, arg1, arg2, arglst)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_apply_3 (proc, arg1, arg2, arg3, arglst)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_apply (proc, arg, rest)
@rnindex apply
Call @var{proc} with arguments @var{arg} @dots{} and the
elements of the @var{arglst} list.

@code{scm_apply} takes parameters corresponding to a Scheme level
@code{(lambda (proc arg1 . rest) ...)}.  So @var{arg1} and all but the
last element of the @var{rest} list make up @var{arg} @dots{}, and the
last element of @var{rest} is the @var{arglst} list.  Or if @var{rest}
is the empty list @code{SCM_EOL} then there's no @var{arg} @dots{}, and
(@var{arg1}) is the @var{arglst}.

@var{arglst} is not modified, but the @var{rest} list passed to
@code{scm_apply} is modified.
@end deffn

@deffn {C Function} scm_call_0 (proc)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_call_1 (proc, arg1)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_call_2 (proc, arg1, arg2)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_call_3 (proc, arg1, arg2, arg3)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_call_4 (proc, arg1, arg2, arg3, arg4)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_call_5 (proc, arg1, arg2, arg3, arg4, arg5)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_call_6 (proc, arg1, arg2, arg3, arg4, arg5, arg6)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_call_7 (proc, arg1, arg2, arg3, arg4, arg5, arg6, arg7)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_call_8 (proc, arg1, arg2, arg3, arg4, arg5, arg6, arg7, arg8)
@deffnx {C Function} scm_call_9 (proc, arg1, arg2, arg3, arg4, arg5, arg6, arg7, arg8, arg9)
Call @var{proc} with the given arguments.
@end deffn

@deffn {C Function} scm_call (proc, ...)
Call @var{proc} with any number of arguments.  The argument list must be
terminated by @code{SCM_UNDEFINED}.  For example:

@example
scm_call (scm_c_public_ref ("guile", "+"),
          scm_from_int (1),
          scm_from_int (2),
          SCM_UNDEFINED);
@end example
@end deffn

@deffn {C Function} scm_call_n (proc, argv, nargs)
Call @var{proc} with the array of arguments @var{argv}, as a
@code{SCM*}.  The length of the arguments should be passed in
@var{nargs}, as a @code{size_t}.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} apply:nconc2last lst
@deffnx {C Function} scm_nconc2last (lst)
@var{lst} should be a list (@var{arg1} @dots{} @var{argN}
@var{arglst}), with @var{arglst} being a list.  This function returns
a list comprising @var{arg1} to @var{argN} plus the elements of
@var{arglst}.  @var{lst} is modified to form the return.  @var{arglst}
is not modified, though the return does share structure with it.

This operation collects up the arguments from a list which is
@code{apply} style parameters.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} primitive-eval exp
@deffnx {C Function} scm_primitive_eval (exp)
Evaluate @var{exp} in the top-level environment specified by
the current module.
@end deffn


@node Compilation
@subsection Compiling Scheme Code

The @code{eval} procedure directly interprets the S-expression
representation of Scheme. An alternate strategy for evaluation is to
determine ahead of time what computations will be necessary to
evaluate the expression, and then use that recipe to produce the
desired results. This is known as @dfn{compilation}.

While it is possible to compile simple Scheme expressions such as
@code{(+ 2 2)} or even @code{"Hello world!"}, compilation is most
interesting in the context of procedures. Compiling a lambda expression
produces a compiled procedure, which is just like a normal procedure
except typically much faster, because it can bypass the generic
interpreter.

Functions from system modules in a Guile installation are normally
compiled already, so they load and run quickly.

@cindex automatic compilation
Note that well-written Scheme programs will not typically call the
procedures in this section, for the same reason that it is often bad
taste to use @code{eval}.  By default, Guile automatically compiles any
files it encounters that have not been compiled yet (@pxref{Invoking
Guile, @code{--auto-compile}}).  The compiler can also be invoked
explicitly from the shell as @code{guild compile foo.scm}.

(Why are calls to @code{eval} and @code{compile} usually in bad taste?
Because they are limited, in that they can only really make sense for
top-level expressions. Also, most needs for ``compile-time''
computation are fulfilled by macros and closures. Of course one good
counterexample is the REPL itself, or any code that reads expressions
from a port.)

Automatic compilation generally works transparently, without any need
for user intervention.  However Guile does not yet do proper dependency
tracking, so that if file @file{@var{a}.scm} uses macros from
@file{@var{b}.scm}, and @var{@var{b}.scm} changes, @code{@var{a}.scm}
would not be automatically recompiled.  To forcibly invalidate the
auto-compilation cache, pass the @code{--fresh-auto-compile} option to
Guile, or set the @code{GUILE_AUTO_COMPILE} environment variable to
@code{fresh} (instead of to @code{0} or @code{1}).

For more information on the compiler itself, see @ref{Compiling to the
Virtual Machine}. For information on the virtual machine, see @ref{A
Virtual Machine for Guile}.

The command-line interface to Guile's compiler is the @command{guild
compile} command:

@deffn {Command} {guild compile} [@option{option}...] @var{file}...
Compile @var{file}, a source file, and store bytecode in the compilation cache
or in the file specified by the @option{-o} option.  The following options are
available:

@table @option

@item -L @var{dir}
@itemx --load-path=@var{dir}
Add @var{dir} to the front of the module load path.

@item -o @var{ofile}
@itemx --output=@var{ofile}
Write output bytecode to @var{ofile}.  By convention, bytecode file
names end in @code{.go}.  When @option{-o} is omitted, the output file
name is as for @code{compile-file} (see below).

@item -W @var{warning}
@itemx --warn=@var{warning}
@cindex warnings, compiler
Emit warnings of type @var{warning}; use @code{--warn=help} for a list
of available warnings and their description.  Currently recognized
warnings include @code{unused-variable}, @code{unused-toplevel},
@code{unbound-variable}, @code{arity-mismatch}, and @code{format}.

@item -f @var{lang}
@itemx --from=@var{lang}
Use @var{lang} as the source language of @var{file}.  If this option is omitted,
@code{scheme} is assumed.

@item -t @var{lang}
@itemx --to=@var{lang}
Use @var{lang} as the target language of @var{file}.  If this option is omitted,
@code{objcode} is assumed.

@item -T @var{target}
@itemx --target=@var{target}
Produce bytecode for @var{target} instead of @var{%host-type}
(@pxref{Build Config, %host-type}).  Target must be a valid GNU triplet,
such as @code{armv5tel-unknown-linux-gnueabi} (@pxref{Specifying Target
Triplets,,, autoconf, GNU Autoconf Manual}).

@end table

Each @var{file} is assumed to be UTF-8-encoded, unless it contains a
coding declaration as recognized by @code{file-encoding}
(@pxref{Character Encoding of Source Files}).
@end deffn

The compiler can also be invoked directly by Scheme code using the procedures
below:

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} compile exp [env=#f] [from=(current-language)] [to=value] [opts=()]
Compile the expression @var{exp} in the environment @var{env}. If
@var{exp} is a procedure, the result will be a compiled procedure;
otherwise @code{compile} is mostly equivalent to @code{eval}.

For a discussion of languages and compiler options, @xref{Compiling to
the Virtual Machine}.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} compile-file file [output-file=#f] @
  [from=(current-language)] [to='objcode] @
  [env=(default-environment from)] [opts='()] @
  [canonicalization 'relative]
Compile the file named @var{file}.

Output will be written to a @var{output-file}.   If you do not supply an
output file name, output is written to a file in the cache directory, as
computed by @code{(compiled-file-name @var{file})}.

@var{from} and @var{to} specify the source and target languages.
@xref{Compiling to the Virtual Machine}, for more information on these
options, and on @var{env} and @var{opts}.

As with @command{guild compile}, @var{file} is assumed to be
UTF-8-encoded unless it contains a coding declaration.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} compiled-file-name file
Compute a cached location for a compiled version of a Scheme file named
@var{file}.

This file will usually be below the @file{$HOME/.cache/guile/ccache}
directory, depending on the value of the @env{XDG_CACHE_HOME}
environment variable.  The intention is that @code{compiled-file-name}
provides a fallback location for caching auto-compiled files.  If you
want to place a compile file in the @code{%load-compiled-path}, you
should pass the @var{output-file} option to @code{compile-file},
explicitly.
@end deffn

@defvr {Scheme Variable} %auto-compilation-options
This variable contains the options passed to the @code{compile-file}
procedure when auto-compiling source files.  By default, it enables
useful compilation warnings.  It can be customized from @file{~/.guile}.
@end defvr

@node Loading
@subsection Loading Scheme Code from File

@rnindex load
@deffn {Scheme Procedure} load filename [reader]
Load @var{filename} and evaluate its contents in the top-level
environment.

@var{reader} if provided should be either @code{#f}, or a procedure with
the signature @code{(lambda (port) @dots{})} which reads the next
expression from @var{port}.  If @var{reader} is @code{#f} or absent,
Guile's built-in @code{read} procedure is used (@pxref{Scheme Read}).

The @var{reader} argument takes effect by setting the value of the
@code{current-reader} fluid (see below) before loading the file, and
restoring its previous value when loading is complete.  The Scheme code
inside @var{filename} can itself change the current reader procedure on
the fly by setting @code{current-reader} fluid.

If the variable @code{%load-hook} is defined, it should be bound to a
procedure that will be called before any code is loaded.  See
documentation for @code{%load-hook} later in this section.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} load-compiled filename
Load the compiled file named @var{filename}.

Compiling a source file (@pxref{Read/Load/Eval/Compile}) and then
calling @code{load-compiled} on the resulting file is equivalent to
calling @code{load} on the source file.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} primitive-load filename
@deffnx {C Function} scm_primitive_load (filename)
Load the file named @var{filename} and evaluate its contents in the
top-level environment.  @var{filename} must either be a full pathname or
be a pathname relative to the current directory.  If the variable
@code{%load-hook} is defined, it should be bound to a procedure that
will be called before any code is loaded.  See the documentation for
@code{%load-hook} later in this section.
@end deffn

@deftypefn {C Function} SCM scm_c_primitive_load (const char *filename)
@code{scm_primitive_load}, but taking a C string instead of an
@code{SCM}.
@end deftypefn

@defvar current-reader
@code{current-reader} holds the read procedure that is currently being
used by the above loading procedures to read expressions (from the file
that they are loading).  @code{current-reader} is a fluid, so it has an
independent value in each dynamic root and should be read and set using
@code{fluid-ref} and @code{fluid-set!} (@pxref{Fluids and Dynamic
States}).

Changing @code{current-reader} is typically useful to introduce local
syntactic changes, such that code following the @code{fluid-set!} call
is read using the newly installed reader.  The @code{current-reader}
change should take place at evaluation time when the code is evaluated,
or at compilation time when the code is compiled:

@findex eval-when
@example
(eval-when (compile eval)
  (fluid-set! current-reader my-own-reader))
@end example

The @code{eval-when} form above ensures that the @code{current-reader}
change occurs at the right time.
@end defvar

@defvar %load-hook
A procedure to be called @code{(%load-hook @var{filename})} whenever a
file is loaded, or @code{#f} for no such call.  @code{%load-hook} is
used by all of the loading functions (@code{load} and
@code{primitive-load}, and @code{load-from-path} and
@code{primitive-load-path} documented in the next section).

For example an application can set this to show what's loaded,

@example
(set! %load-hook (lambda (filename)
                   (format #t "Loading ~a ...\n" filename)))
(load-from-path "foo.scm")
@print{} Loading /usr/local/share/guile/site/foo.scm ...
@end example
@end defvar

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} current-load-port
@deffnx {C Function} scm_current_load_port ()
Return the current-load-port.
The load port is used internally by @code{primitive-load}.
@end deffn

@node Load Paths
@subsection Load Paths

The procedure in the previous section look for Scheme code in the file
system at specific location.  Guile also has some procedures to search
the load path for code.

@cindex @env{GUILE_LOAD_PATH}
@defvar %load-path
List of directories which should be searched for Scheme modules and
libraries.  @code{%load-path} is initialized when Guile starts up to
@code{(list (%site-dir) (%library-dir) (%package-data-dir))}, prepended
with the contents of the @env{GUILE_LOAD_PATH} environment variable, if
it is set.  @xref{Build Config}, for more on @code{%site-dir} and
related procedures.
@end defvar

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} load-from-path filename
Similar to @code{load}, but searches for @var{filename} in the load
paths. Preferentially loads a compiled version of the file, if it is
available and up-to-date.
@end deffn

A user can extend the load path by calling @code{add-to-load-path}.

@deffn {Scheme Syntax} add-to-load-path dir
Add @var{dir} to the load path.
@end deffn

For example, a script might include this form to add the directory that
it is in to the load path:

@example
(add-to-load-path (dirname (current-filename)))
@end example

It's better to use @code{add-to-load-path} than to modify
@code{%load-path} directly, because @code{add-to-load-path} takes care
of modifying the path both at compile-time and at run-time.

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} primitive-load-path filename [exception-on-not-found]
@deffnx {C Function} scm_primitive_load_path (filename)
Search @code{%load-path} for the file named @var{filename} and
load it into the top-level environment.  If @var{filename} is a
relative pathname and is not found in the list of search paths,
an error is signalled. Preferentially loads a compiled version of the
file, if it is available and up-to-date.

By default or if @var{exception-on-not-found} is true, an exception is
raised if @var{filename} is not found.  If @var{exception-on-not-found}
is @code{#f} and @var{filename} is not found, no exception is raised and
@code{#f} is returned.  For compatibility with Guile 1.8 and earlier,
the C function takes only one argument, which can be either a string
(the file name) or an argument list.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} %search-load-path filename
@deffnx {C Function} scm_sys_search_load_path (filename)
Search @code{%load-path} for the file named @var{filename}, which must
be readable by the current user.  If @var{filename} is found in the list
of paths to search or is an absolute pathname, return its full pathname.
Otherwise, return @code{#f}.  Filenames may have any of the optional
extensions in the @code{%load-extensions} list; @code{%search-load-path}
will try each extension automatically.
@end deffn

@defvar %load-extensions
A list of default file extensions for files containing Scheme code.
@code{%search-load-path} tries each of these extensions when looking for
a file to load.  By default, @code{%load-extensions} is bound to the
list @code{("" ".scm")}.
@end defvar

As mentioned above, when Guile searches the @code{%load-path} for a
source file, it will also search the @code{%load-compiled-path} for a
corresponding compiled file.  If the compiled file is as new or newer
than the source file, it will be loaded instead of the source file,
using @code{load-compiled}.

@defvar %load-compiled-path
Like @code{%load-path}, but for compiled files.  By default, this path
has two entries: one for compiled files from Guile itself, and one for
site packages.
@end defvar

When @code{primitive-load-path} searches the @code{%load-compiled-path}
for a corresponding compiled file for a relative path it does so by
appending @code{.go} to the relative path.  For example, searching for
@code{ice-9/popen} could find
@code{/usr/lib/guile/2.0/ccache/ice-9/popen.go}, and use it instead of
@code{/usr/share/guile/2.0/ice-9/popen.scm}.

If @code{primitive-load-path} does not find a corresponding @code{.go}
file in the @code{%load-compiled-path}, or the @code{.go} file is out of
date, it will search for a corresponding auto-compiled file in the
fallback path, possibly creating one if one does not exist.

@xref{Installing Site Packages}, for more on how to correctly install
site packages.  @xref{Modules and the File System}, for more on the
relationship between load paths and modules.  @xref{Compilation}, for
more on the fallback path and auto-compilation.

Finally, there are a couple of helper procedures for general path
manipulation.

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} parse-path path [tail]
@deffnx {C Function} scm_parse_path (path, tail)
Parse @var{path}, which is expected to be a colon-separated string, into
a list and return the resulting list with @var{tail} appended. If
@var{path} is @code{#f}, @var{tail} is returned.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} search-path path filename [extensions [require-exts?]]
@deffnx {C Function} scm_search_path (path, filename, rest)
Search @var{path} for a directory containing a file named
@var{filename}. The file must be readable, and not a directory.  If we
find one, return its full filename; otherwise, return @code{#f}.  If
@var{filename} is absolute, return it unchanged.  If given,
@var{extensions} is a list of strings; for each directory in @var{path},
we search for @var{filename} concatenated with each @var{extension}.  If
@var{require-exts?}  is true, require that the returned file name have
one of the given extensions; if @var{require-exts?} is not given, it
defaults to @code{#f}.

For compatibility with Guile 1.8 and earlier, the C function takes only
three arguments.
@end deffn


@node Character Encoding of Source Files
@subsection Character Encoding of Source Files

@cindex source file encoding
@cindex primitive-load
@cindex load
Scheme source code files are usually encoded in ASCII, but, the
built-in reader can interpret other character encodings.  The
procedure @code{primitive-load}, and by extension the functions that
call it, such as @code{load}, first scan the top 500 characters of the
file for a coding declaration.

A coding declaration has the form @code{coding: XXXXXX}, where
@code{XXXXXX} is the name of a character encoding in which the source
code file has been encoded.  The coding declaration must appear in a
scheme comment.  It can either be a semicolon-initiated comment or a block
@code{#!} comment.

The name of the character encoding in the coding declaration is
typically lower case and containing only letters, numbers, and hyphens,
as recognized by @code{set-port-encoding!} (@pxref{Ports,
@code{set-port-encoding!}}).  Common examples of character encoding
names are @code{utf-8} and @code{iso-8859-1},
@url{http://www.iana.org/assignments/character-sets, as defined by
IANA}.  Thus, the coding declaration is mostly compatible with Emacs.

However, there are some differences in encoding names recognized by
Emacs and encoding names defined by IANA, the latter being essentially a
subset of the former.  For instance, @code{latin-1} is a valid encoding
name for Emacs, but it's not according to the IANA standard, which Guile
follows; instead, you should use @code{iso-8859-1}, which is both
understood by Emacs and dubbed by IANA (IANA writes it uppercase but
Emacs wants it lowercase and Guile is case insensitive.)

For source code, only a subset of all possible character encodings can
be interpreted by the built-in source code reader.  Only those
character encodings in which ASCII text appears unmodified can be
used.  This includes @code{UTF-8} and @code{ISO-8859-1} through
@code{ISO-8859-15}.  The multi-byte character encodings @code{UTF-16}
and @code{UTF-32} may not be used because they are not compatible with
ASCII.

@cindex read
@cindex encoding
@cindex port encoding
@findex set-port-encoding!
There might be a scenario in which one would want to read non-ASCII
code from a port, such as with the function @code{read}, instead of
with @code{load}.  If the port's character encoding is the same as the
encoding of the code to be read by the port, not other special
handling is necessary.  The port will automatically do the character
encoding conversion.  The functions @code{setlocale} or by
@code{set-port-encoding!} are used to set port encodings
(@pxref{Ports}).

If a port is used to read code of unknown character encoding, it can
accomplish this in three steps.  First, the character encoding of the
port should be set to ISO-8859-1 using @code{set-port-encoding!}.
Then, the procedure @code{file-encoding}, described below, is used to
scan for a coding declaration when reading from the port.  As a side
effect, it rewinds the port after its scan is complete. After that,
the port's character encoding should be set to the encoding returned
by @code{file-encoding}, if any, again by using
@code{set-port-encoding!}.  Then the code can be read as normal.

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} file-encoding port
@deffnx {C Function} scm_file_encoding (port)
Scan the port for an Emacs-like character coding declaration near the
top of the contents of a port with random-accessible contents
(@pxref{Recognize Coding, how Emacs recognizes file encoding,, emacs,
The GNU Emacs Reference Manual}).  The coding declaration is of the form
@code{coding: XXXXX} and must appear in a Scheme comment.  Return a
string containing the character encoding of the file if a declaration
was found, or @code{#f} otherwise.  The port is rewound.
@end deffn


@node Delayed Evaluation
@subsection Delayed Evaluation
@cindex delayed evaluation
@cindex promises

Promises are a convenient way to defer a calculation until its result
is actually needed, and to run such a calculation only once.

@deffn syntax delay expr
@rnindex delay
Return a promise object which holds the given @var{expr} expression,
ready to be evaluated by a later @code{force}.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} promise? obj
@deffnx {C Function} scm_promise_p (obj)
Return true if @var{obj} is a promise.
@end deffn

@rnindex force
@deffn {Scheme Procedure} force p
@deffnx {C Function} scm_force (p)
Return the value obtained from evaluating the @var{expr} in the given
promise @var{p}.  If @var{p} has previously been forced then its
@var{expr} is not evaluated again, instead the value obtained at that
time is simply returned.

During a @code{force}, an @var{expr} can call @code{force} again on
its own promise, resulting in a recursive evaluation of that
@var{expr}.  The first evaluation to return gives the value for the
promise.  Higher evaluations run to completion in the normal way, but
their results are ignored, @code{force} always returns the first
value.
@end deffn


@node Local Evaluation
@subsection Local Evaluation

Guile includes a facility to capture a lexical environment, and later
evaluate a new expression within that environment.  This code is
implemented in a module.

@example
(use-modules (ice-9 local-eval))
@end example

@deffn syntax the-environment
Captures and returns a lexical environment for use with
@code{local-eval} or @code{local-compile}.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} local-eval exp env
@deffnx {C Function} scm_local_eval (exp, env)
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} local-compile exp env [opts=()]
Evaluate or compile the expression @var{exp} in the lexical environment
@var{env}.
@end deffn

Here is a simple example, illustrating that it is the variable
that gets captured, not just its value at one point in time.

@example
(define e (let ((x 100)) (the-environment)))
(define fetch-x (local-eval '(lambda () x) e))
(fetch-x)
@result{} 100
(local-eval '(set! x 42) e)
(fetch-x)
@result{} 42
@end example

While @var{exp} is evaluated within the lexical environment of
@code{(the-environment)}, it has the dynamic environment of the call to
@code{local-eval}.

@code{local-eval} and @code{local-compile} can only evaluate
expressions, not definitions.

@example
(local-eval '(define foo 42)
            (let ((x 100)) (the-environment)))
@result{} syntax error: definition in expression context
@end example

Note that the current implementation of @code{(the-environment)} only
captures ``normal'' lexical bindings, and pattern variables bound by
@code{syntax-case}.  It does not currently capture local syntax
transformers bound by @code{let-syntax}, @code{letrec-syntax} or
non-top-level @code{define-syntax} forms.  Any attempt to reference such
captured syntactic keywords via @code{local-eval} or
@code{local-compile} produces an error.


@node Local Inclusion
@subsection Local Inclusion

This section has discussed various means of linking Scheme code
together: fundamentally, loading up files at run-time using @code{load}
and @code{load-compiled}.  Guile provides another option to compose
parts of programs together at expansion-time instead of at run-time.

@deffn {Scheme Syntax} include file-name
Open @var{file-name}, at expansion-time, and read the Scheme forms that
it contains, splicing them into the location of the @code{include},
within a @code{begin}.
@end deffn

If you are a C programmer, if @code{load} in Scheme is like
@code{dlopen} in C, consider @code{include} to be like the C
preprocessor's @code{#include}.  When you use @code{include}, it is as
if the contents of the included file were typed in instead of the
@code{include} form.

Because the code is included at compile-time, it is available to the
macroexpander.  Syntax definitions in the included file are available to
later code in the form in which the @code{include} appears, without the
need for @code{eval-when}.  (@xref{Eval When}.)

For the same reason, compiling a form that uses @code{include} results
in one compilation unit, composed of multiple files.  Loading the
compiled file is one @code{stat} operation for the compilation unit,
instead of @code{2*@var{n}} in the case of @code{load} (once for each
loaded source file, and once each corresponding compiled file, in the
best case).

Unlike @code{load}, @code{include} also works within nested lexical
contexts.  It so happens that the optimizer works best within a lexical
context, because all of the uses of bindings in a lexical context are
visible, so composing files by including them within a @code{(let ()
...)} can sometimes lead to important speed improvements.

On the other hand, @code{include} does have all the disadvantages of
early binding: once the code with the @code{include} is compiled, no
change to the included file is reflected in the future behavior of the
including form.

Also, the particular form of @code{include}, which requires an absolute
path, or a path relative to the current directory at compile-time, is
not very amenable to compiling the source in one place, but then
installing the source to another place.  For this reason, Guile provides
another form, @code{include-from-path}, which looks for the source file
to include within a load path.

@deffn {Scheme Syntax} include-from-path file-name
Like @code{include}, but instead of expecting @code{file-name} to be an
absolute file name, it is expected to be a relative path to search in
the @code{%load-path}.
@end deffn

@code{include-from-path} is more useful when you want to install all of
the source files for a package (as you should!).  It makes it possible
to evaluate an installed file from source, instead of relying on the
@code{.go} file being up to date.

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