@c -*-texinfo-*-
@c This is part of the GNU Guile Reference Manual.
@c Copyright (C)  1996, 1997, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2007,
@c   2009, 2010, 2017 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
@c See the file guile.texi for copying conditions.

@node Internationalization
@section Support for Internationalization

@cindex internationalization
@cindex i18n

Guile provides internationalization@footnote{For concision and style,
programmers often like to refer to internationalization as ``i18n''.}
support for Scheme programs in two ways.  First, procedures to
manipulate text and data in a way that conforms to particular cultural
conventions (i.e., in a ``locale-dependent'' way) are provided in the
@code{(ice-9 i18n)}.  Second, Guile allows the use of GNU
@code{gettext} to translate program message strings.

@menu
* i18n Introduction::             Introduction to Guile's i18n support.
* Text Collation::                Sorting strings and characters.
* Character Case Mapping::        Case mapping.
* Number Input and Output::       Parsing and printing numbers.
* Accessing Locale Information::  Detailed locale information.
* Gettext Support::               Translating message strings.
@end menu


@node i18n Introduction, Text Collation, Internationalization, Internationalization
@subsection Internationalization with Guile

In order to make use of the functions described thereafter, the
@code{(ice-9 i18n)} module must be imported in the usual way:

@example
(use-modules (ice-9 i18n))
@end example

@cindex cultural conventions

The @code{(ice-9 i18n)} module provides procedures to manipulate text
and other data in a way that conforms to the cultural conventions
chosen by the user.  Each region of the world or language has its own
customs to, for instance, represent real numbers, classify characters,
collate text, etc.  All these aspects comprise the so-called
``cultural conventions'' of that region or language.

@cindex locale
@cindex locale category

Computer systems typically refer to a set of cultural conventions as a
@dfn{locale}.  For each particular aspect that comprise those cultural
conventions, a @dfn{locale category} is defined.  For instance, the
way characters are classified is defined by the @code{LC_CTYPE}
category, while the language in which program messages are issued to
the user is defined by the @code{LC_MESSAGES} category
(@pxref{Locales, General Locale Information} for details).

@cindex locale object

The procedures provided by this module allow the development of
programs that adapt automatically to any locale setting.  As we will
see later, many of these procedures can optionally take a @dfn{locale
object} argument.  This additional argument defines the locale
settings that must be followed by the invoked procedure.  When it is
omitted, then the current locale settings of the process are followed
(@pxref{Locales, @code{setlocale}}).

The following procedures allow the manipulation of such locale
objects.

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} make-locale category-list locale-name [base-locale]
@deffnx {C Function} scm_make_locale (category_list, locale_name, base_locale)
Return a reference to a data structure representing a set of locale
datasets.  @var{locale-name} should be a string denoting a particular
locale (e.g., @code{"aa_DJ"}) and @var{category-list} should be either
a list of locale categories or a single category as used with
@code{setlocale} (@pxref{Locales, @code{setlocale}}).  Optionally, if
@code{base-locale} is passed, it should be a locale object denoting
settings for categories not listed in @var{category-list}.

The following invocation creates a locale object that combines the use
of Swedish for messages and character classification with the
default settings for the other categories (i.e., the settings of the
default @code{C} locale which usually represents conventions in use in
the USA):

@example
(make-locale (list LC_MESSAGES LC_CTYPE) "sv_SE")
@end example

The following example combines the use of Esperanto messages and
conventions with monetary conventions from Croatia:

@example
(make-locale LC_MONETARY "hr_HR"
             (make-locale LC_ALL "eo_EO"))
@end example

A @code{system-error} exception (@pxref{Handling Errors}) is raised by
@code{make-locale} when @var{locale-name} does not match any of the
locales compiled on the system.  Note that on non-GNU systems, this
error may be raised later, when the locale object is actually used.

@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} locale? obj
@deffnx {C Function} scm_locale_p (obj)
Return true if @var{obj} is a locale object.
@end deffn

@defvr {Scheme Variable} %global-locale
@defvrx {C Variable} scm_global_locale
This variable is bound to a locale object denoting the current process
locale as installed using @code{setlocale ()} (@pxref{Locales}).  It
may be used like any other locale object, including as a third
argument to @code{make-locale}, for instance.
@end defvr


@node Text Collation, Character Case Mapping, i18n Introduction, Internationalization
@subsection Text Collation

The following procedures provide support for text collation, i.e.,
locale-dependent string and character sorting.

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} string-locale<? s1 s2 [locale]
@deffnx {C Function} scm_string_locale_lt (s1, s2, locale)
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} string-locale>? s1 s2 [locale]
@deffnx {C Function} scm_string_locale_gt (s1, s2, locale)
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} string-locale-ci<? s1 s2 [locale]
@deffnx {C Function} scm_string_locale_ci_lt (s1, s2, locale)
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} string-locale-ci>? s1 s2 [locale]
@deffnx {C Function} scm_string_locale_ci_gt (s1, s2, locale)
Compare strings @var{s1} and @var{s2} in a locale-dependent way.  If
@var{locale} is provided, it should be locale object (as returned by
@code{make-locale}) and will be used to perform the comparison;
otherwise, the current system locale is used.  For the @code{-ci}
variants, the comparison is made in a case-insensitive way.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} string-locale-ci=? s1 s2 [locale]
@deffnx {C Function} scm_string_locale_ci_eq (s1, s2, locale)
Compare strings @var{s1} and @var{s2} in a case-insensitive, and
locale-dependent way.  If @var{locale} is provided, it should be
a locale object (as returned by @code{make-locale}) and will be used to
perform the comparison; otherwise, the current system locale is used.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} char-locale<? c1 c2 [locale]
@deffnx {C Function} scm_char_locale_lt (c1, c2, locale)
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} char-locale>? c1 c2 [locale]
@deffnx {C Function} scm_char_locale_gt (c1, c2, locale)
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} char-locale-ci<? c1 c2 [locale]
@deffnx {C Function} scm_char_locale_ci_lt (c1, c2, locale)
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} char-locale-ci>? c1 c2 [locale]
@deffnx {C Function} scm_char_locale_ci_gt (c1, c2, locale)
Compare characters @var{c1} and @var{c2} according to either
@var{locale} (a locale object as returned by @code{make-locale}) or
the current locale.  For the @code{-ci} variants, the comparison is
made in a case-insensitive way.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} char-locale-ci=? c1 c2 [locale]
@deffnx {C Function} scm_char_locale_ci_eq (c1, c2, locale)
Return true if character @var{c1} is equal to @var{c2}, in a case
insensitive way according to @var{locale} or to the current locale.
@end deffn

@node Character Case Mapping, Number Input and Output, Text Collation, Internationalization
@subsection Character Case Mapping

The procedures below provide support for ``character case mapping'',
i.e., to convert characters or strings to their upper-case or
lower-case equivalent.  Note that SRFI-13 provides procedures that
look similar (@pxref{Alphabetic Case Mapping}).  However, the SRFI-13
procedures are locale-independent.  Therefore, they do not take into
account specificities of the customs in use in a particular language
or region of the world.  For instance, while most languages using the
Latin alphabet map lower-case letter ``i'' to upper-case letter ``I'',
Turkish maps lower-case ``i'' to ``Latin capital letter I with dot
above''.  The following procedures allow programmers to provide
idiomatic character mapping.

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} char-locale-downcase chr [locale]
@deffnx {C Function} scm_char_locale_upcase (chr, locale)
Return the lowercase character that corresponds to @var{chr} according
to either @var{locale} or the current locale.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} char-locale-upcase chr [locale]
@deffnx {C Function} scm_char_locale_downcase (chr, locale)
Return the uppercase character that corresponds to @var{chr} according
to either @var{locale} or the current locale.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} char-locale-titlecase chr [locale]
@deffnx {C Function} scm_char_locale_titlecase (chr, locale)
Return the titlecase character that corresponds to @var{chr} according
to either @var{locale} or the current locale.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} string-locale-upcase str [locale]
@deffnx {C Function} scm_string_locale_upcase (str, locale)
Return a new string that is the uppercase version of @var{str}
according to either @var{locale} or the current locale.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} string-locale-downcase str [locale]
@deffnx {C Function} scm_string_locale_downcase (str, locale)
Return a new string that is the down-case version of @var{str}
according to either @var{locale} or the current locale.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} string-locale-titlecase str [locale]
@deffnx {C Function} scm_string_locale_titlecase (str, locale)
Return a new string that is the titlecase version of @var{str}
according to either @var{locale} or the current locale.
@end deffn

@node Number Input and Output, Accessing Locale Information, Character Case Mapping, Internationalization
@subsection Number Input and Output

The following procedures allow programs to read and write numbers
written according to a particular locale.  As an example, in English,
``ten thousand and a half'' is usually written @code{10,000.5} while
in French it is written @code{10 000,5}.  These procedures allow such
differences to be taken into account.

@findex strtod
@deffn {Scheme Procedure} locale-string->integer str [base [locale]]
@deffnx {C Function} scm_locale_string_to_integer (str, base, locale)
Convert string @var{str} into an integer according to either
@var{locale} (a locale object as returned by @code{make-locale}) or
the current process locale.  If @var{base} is specified, then it
determines the base of the integer being read (e.g., @code{16} for an
hexadecimal number, @code{10} for a decimal number); by default,
decimal numbers are read.  Return two values (@pxref{Multiple
Values}): an integer (on success) or @code{#f}, and the number of
characters read from @var{str} (@code{0} on failure).

This function is based on the C library's @code{strtol} function
(@pxref{Parsing of Integers, @code{strtol},, libc, The GNU C Library
Reference Manual}).
@end deffn

@findex strtod
@deffn {Scheme Procedure} locale-string->inexact str [locale]
@deffnx {C Function} scm_locale_string_to_inexact (str, locale)
Convert string @var{str} into an inexact number according to either
@var{locale} (a locale object as returned by @code{make-locale}) or
the current process locale.  Return two values (@pxref{Multiple
Values}): an inexact number (on success) or @code{#f}, and the number
of characters read from @var{str} (@code{0} on failure).

This function is based on the C library's @code{strtod} function
(@pxref{Parsing of Floats, @code{strtod},, libc, The GNU C Library
Reference Manual}).
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} number->locale-string number [fraction-digits [locale]]
Convert @var{number} (an inexact) into a string according to the
cultural conventions of either @var{locale} (a locale object) or the
current locale.  By default, print as many fractional digits as
necessary, up to an upper bound.  Optionally, @var{fraction-digits} may
be bound to an integer specifying the number of fractional digits to be
displayed.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} monetary-amount->locale-string amount intl? [locale]
Convert @var{amount} (an inexact denoting a monetary amount) into a
string according to the cultural conventions of either @var{locale} (a
locale object) or the current locale.  If @var{intl?} is true, then
the international monetary format for the given locale is used
(@pxref{Currency Symbol, international and locale monetary formats,,
libc, The GNU C Library Reference Manual}).
@end deffn


@node Accessing Locale Information, Gettext Support, Number Input and Output, Internationalization
@subsection Accessing Locale Information

@findex nl_langinfo
@cindex low-level locale information
It is sometimes useful to obtain very specific information about a
locale such as the word it uses for days or months, its format for
representing floating-point figures, etc.  The @code{(ice-9 i18n)}
module provides support for this in a way that is similar to the libc
functions @code{nl_langinfo ()} and @code{localeconv ()}
(@pxref{Locale Information, accessing locale information from C,,
libc, The GNU C Library Reference Manual}).  The available functions
are listed below.

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} locale-encoding [locale]
Return the name of the encoding (a string whose interpretation is
system-dependent) of either @var{locale} or the current locale.
@end deffn

The following functions deal with dates and times.

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} locale-day day [locale]
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} locale-day-short day [locale]
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} locale-month month [locale]
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} locale-month-short month [locale]
Return the word (a string) used in either @var{locale} or the current
locale to name the day (or month) denoted by @var{day} (or
@var{month}), an integer between 1 and 7 (or 1 and 12).  The
@code{-short} variants provide an abbreviation instead of a full name.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} locale-am-string [locale]
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} locale-pm-string [locale]
Return a (potentially empty) string that is used to denote @i{ante
meridiem} (or @i{post meridiem}) hours in 12-hour format.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} locale-date+time-format [locale]
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} locale-date-format [locale]
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} locale-time-format [locale]
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} locale-time+am/pm-format [locale]
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} locale-era-date-format [locale]
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} locale-era-date+time-format [locale]
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} locale-era-time-format [locale]
These procedures return format strings suitable to @code{strftime}
(@pxref{Time}) that may be used to display (part of) a date/time
according to certain constraints and to the conventions of either
@var{locale} or the current locale (@pxref{The Elegant and Fast Way,
the @code{nl_langinfo ()} items,, libc, The GNU C Library Reference
Manual}).
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} locale-era [locale]
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} locale-era-year [locale]
These functions return, respectively, the era and the year of the
relevant era used in @var{locale} or the current locale.  Most locales
do not define this value.  In this case, the empty string is returned.
An example of a locale that does define this value is the Japanese
one.
@end deffn

The following procedures give information about number representation.

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} locale-decimal-point [locale]
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} locale-thousands-separator [locale]
These functions return a string denoting the representation of the
decimal point or that of the thousand separator (respectively) for
either @var{locale} or the current locale.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} locale-digit-grouping [locale]
Return a (potentially circular) list of integers denoting how digits
of the integer part of a number are to be grouped, starting at the
decimal point and going to the left.  The list contains integers
indicating the size of the successive groups, from right to left.  If
the list is non-circular, then no grouping occurs for digits beyond
the last group.

For instance, if the returned list is a circular list that contains
only @code{3} and the thousand separator is @code{","} (as is the case
with English locales), then the number @code{12345678} should be
printed @code{12,345,678}.
@end deffn

The following procedures deal with the representation of monetary
amounts.  Some of them take an additional @var{intl?} argument (a
boolean) that tells whether the international or local monetary
conventions for the given locale are to be used.

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} locale-monetary-decimal-point [locale]
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} locale-monetary-thousands-separator [locale]
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} locale-monetary-grouping [locale]
These are the monetary counterparts of the above procedures.  These
procedures apply to monetary amounts.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} locale-currency-symbol intl? [locale]
Return the currency symbol (a string) of either @var{locale} or the
current locale.

The following example illustrates the difference between the local and
international monetary formats:

@example
(define us (make-locale LC_MONETARY "en_US"))
(locale-currency-symbol #f us)
@result{} "-$"
(locale-currency-symbol #t us)
@result{} "USD "
@end example
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} locale-monetary-fractional-digits intl? [locale]
Return the number of fractional digits to be used when printing
monetary amounts according to either @var{locale} or the current
locale.  If the locale does not specify it, then @code{#f} is
returned.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} locale-currency-symbol-precedes-positive? intl? [locale]
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} locale-currency-symbol-precedes-negative? intl? [locale]
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} locale-positive-separated-by-space? intl? [locale]
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} locale-negative-separated-by-space? intl? [locale]
These procedures return a boolean indicating whether the currency
symbol should precede a positive/negative number, and whether a
whitespace should be inserted between the currency symbol and a
positive/negative amount.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} locale-monetary-positive-sign [locale]
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} locale-monetary-negative-sign [locale]
Return a string denoting the positive (respectively negative) sign
that should be used when printing a monetary amount.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} locale-positive-sign-position
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} locale-negative-sign-position
These functions return a symbol telling where a sign of a
positive/negative monetary amount is to appear when printing it.  The
possible values are:

@table @code
@item parenthesize
The currency symbol and quantity should be surrounded by parentheses.
@item sign-before
Print the sign string before the quantity and currency symbol.
@item sign-after
Print the sign string after the quantity and currency symbol.
@item sign-before-currency-symbol
Print the sign string right before the currency symbol.
@item sign-after-currency-symbol
Print the sign string right after the currency symbol.
@item unspecified
Unspecified.  We recommend you print the sign after the currency
symbol.
@end table

@end deffn

Finally, the two following procedures may be helpful when programming
user interfaces:

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} locale-yes-regexp [locale]
@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} locale-no-regexp [locale]
Return a string that can be used as a regular expression to recognize
a positive (respectively, negative) response to a yes/no question.
For the C locale, the default values are typically @code{"^[yY]"} and
@code{"^[nN]"}, respectively.

Here is an example:

@example
(use-modules (ice-9 rdelim))
(format #t "Does Guile rock?~%")
(let lp ((answer (read-line)))
  (cond ((string-match (locale-yes-regexp) answer)
         (format #t "High fives!~%"))
        ((string-match (locale-no-regexp) answer)
         (format #t "How about now? Does it rock yet?~%")
         (lp (read-line)))
        (else
         (format #t "What do you mean?~%")
         (lp (read-line)))))
@end example

For an internationalized yes/no string output, @code{gettext} should
be used (@pxref{Gettext Support}).
@end deffn

Example uses of some of these functions are the implementation of the
@code{number->locale-string} and @code{monetary-amount->locale-string}
procedures (@pxref{Number Input and Output}), as well as that the
SRFI-19 date and time conversion to/from strings (@pxref{SRFI-19}).


@node Gettext Support,  , Accessing Locale Information, Internationalization
@subsection Gettext Support

Guile provides an interface to GNU @code{gettext} for translating
message strings (@pxref{Introduction,,, gettext, GNU @code{gettext}
utilities}).

Messages are collected in domains, so different libraries and programs
maintain different message catalogues.  The @var{domain} parameter in
the functions below is a string (it becomes part of the message
catalog filename).

When @code{gettext} is not available, or if Guile was configured
@samp{--without-nls}, dummy functions doing no translation are
provided.  When @code{gettext} support is available in Guile, the
@code{i18n} feature is provided (@pxref{Feature Tracking}).

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} gettext msg [domain [category]]
@deffnx {C Function} scm_gettext (msg, domain, category)
Return the translation of @var{msg} in @var{domain}.  @var{domain} is
optional and defaults to the domain set through @code{textdomain}
below.  @var{category} is optional and defaults to @code{LC_MESSAGES}
(@pxref{Locales}).

Normal usage is for @var{msg} to be a literal string.
@command{xgettext} can extract those from the source to form a message
catalogue ready for translators (@pxref{xgettext Invocation,, Invoking
the @command{xgettext} Program, gettext, GNU @code{gettext}
utilities}).

@example
(display (gettext "You are in a maze of twisty passages."))
@end example

@code{_} is a commonly used shorthand, an application can make that an
alias for @code{gettext}.  Or a library can make a definition that
uses its specific @var{domain} (so an application can change the
default without affecting the library).

@example
(define (_ msg) (gettext msg "mylibrary"))
(display (_ "File not found."))
@end example

@code{_} is also a good place to perhaps strip disambiguating extra
text from the message string, as for instance in @ref{GUI program
problems,, How to use @code{gettext} in GUI programs, gettext, GNU
@code{gettext} utilities}.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} ngettext msg msgplural n [domain [category]]
@deffnx {C Function} scm_ngettext (msg, msgplural, n, domain, category)
Return the translation of @var{msg}/@var{msgplural} in @var{domain},
with a plural form chosen appropriately for the number @var{n}.
@var{domain} is optional and defaults to the domain set through
@code{textdomain} below.  @var{category} is optional and defaults to
@code{LC_MESSAGES} (@pxref{Locales}).

@var{msg} is the singular form, and @var{msgplural} the plural.  When
no translation is available, @var{msg} is used if @math{@var{n} = 1},
or @var{msgplural} otherwise.  When translated, the message catalogue
can have a different rule, and can have more than two possible forms.

As per @code{gettext} above, normal usage is for @var{msg} and
@var{msgplural} to be literal strings, since @command{xgettext} can
extract them from the source to build a message catalogue.  For
example,

@example
(define (done n)
  (format #t (ngettext "~a file processed\n"
                       "~a files processed\n" n)
             n))

(done 1) @print{} 1 file processed
(done 3) @print{} 3 files processed
@end example

It's important to use @code{ngettext} rather than plain @code{gettext}
for plurals, since the rules for singular and plural forms in English
are not the same in other languages.  Only @code{ngettext} will allow
translators to give correct forms (@pxref{Plural forms,, Additional
functions for plural forms, gettext, GNU @code{gettext} utilities}).
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} textdomain [domain]
@deffnx {C Function} scm_textdomain (domain)
Get or set the default gettext domain.  When called with no parameter
the current domain is returned.  When called with a parameter,
@var{domain} is set as the current domain, and that new value
returned.  For example,

@example
(textdomain "myprog")
@result{} "myprog"
@end example
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} bindtextdomain domain [directory]
@deffnx {C Function} scm_bindtextdomain (domain, directory)
Get or set the directory under which to find message files for
@var{domain}.  When called without a @var{directory} the current
setting is returned.  When called with a @var{directory},
@var{directory} is set for @var{domain} and that new setting returned.
For example,

@example
(bindtextdomain "myprog" "/my/tree/share/locale")
@result{} "/my/tree/share/locale"
@end example

When using Autoconf/Automake, an application should arrange for the
configured @code{localedir} to get into the program (by substituting,
or by generating a config file) and set that for its domain.  This
ensures the catalogue can be found even when installed in a
non-standard location.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} bind-textdomain-codeset domain [encoding]
@deffnx {C Function} scm_bind_textdomain_codeset (domain, encoding)
Get or set the text encoding to be used by @code{gettext} for messages
from @var{domain}.  @var{encoding} is a string, the name of a coding
system, for instance @nicode{"8859_1"}.  (On a Unix/POSIX system the
@command{iconv} program can list all available encodings.)

When called without an @var{encoding} the current setting is returned,
or @code{#f} if none yet set.  When called with an @var{encoding}, it
is set for @var{domain} and that new setting returned.  For example,

@example
(bind-textdomain-codeset "myprog")
@result{} #f
(bind-textdomain-codeset "myprog" "latin-9")
@result{} "latin-9"
@end example

The encoding requested can be different from the translated data file,
messages will be recoded as necessary.  But note that when there is no
translation, @code{gettext} returns its @var{msg} unchanged, ie.@:
without any recoding.  For that reason source message strings are best
as plain ASCII.

Currently Guile has no understanding of multi-byte characters, and
string functions won't recognise character boundaries in multi-byte
strings.  An application will at least be able to pass such strings
through to some output though.  Perhaps this will change in the
future.
@end deffn

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